University and Students Essay Example for Free

University and Students Essay Introduction The hotel and restaurant management is the worlds largest industry and offers unrivalled opportunities for an exciting and rewarding career, though the outlook for employment in this industry is rapidly growing. With the increasing demand for highly skilled hospitality managers there has never been a better time to gain a qualification in this dynamic global industry. The Hotel and Restaurant Management program responds to this challenge with a comprehensive blend of practical and theoretical courses driven by hotel industry. The HRM curriculum combines courses in business administration, communications, quantitative studies, the humanities and the sciences, with in-depth courses in foods, foodservice systems management, hotel operations and human resource management to provide a strong base for professional success. On the recent enrollment at Laguna State Polytechnic University SPCC, students of Hotel and Restaurant Management course gradually increased, this shows that many students are giving interest in the course. Based on the previous research, the course is now being recognized as one of the top courses to be taken in the country. One of the benefits of choosing this course is that the student can learn about knowing the right managerial skills in handling a Hotel and Restaurant and also learning about the different kinds of foods that they can cook. Though this course is not only to learn about cooking, one shouldve studied culinary arts for that, but primarily to have the knowledge, skills, and the right preparations for a student to be ready to handle supervisory and management positions in hospitality management. For students to be trained under an instructor in a practical setting of a restaurant or any other similar establishment, the right mindset and attitude must be present. The performance of a student in managing even just a small business serves as an enhancement of their knowledge and skills. It works as a substantial internship for future work and management. One of the factors in choosing the course, is being chosen and going out of the country to train and learn more about the industry that they have chosen. The experience that the students gain will be a valuable asset in finding a job or taking up Master’s Degree. The importance of choosing Hotel and Restaurant Management course is it will be the building blocks for the success in the future. Students need to be more attentive and interested in this course because it will help them to be prepared for their job in the future. Through studying this course students will become an effective and competent manager in the future. They will be prepared to take what they’ve learn here and go forward to undertake successful management roles within any of the hospitality sectors, namely, hotels, restaurants resorts and clubs. This course will enable freshmen student to advance their career to senior level so they can operate effectively at a strategic level in this increasingly competitive sector. While learning how to apply theory to complex problems, they will also gain an advanced understanding of business disciplines, including marketing, human resources, finance and operations management on an international level. Understanding how to be a leader, how to work with people and how to increase profits in hospitality businesses are all vital skills, and will be studied through the course. Special emphasis will be placed on preparing students for the trends in globalization which will be prevalent in tomorrows hospitality industry. Hotel and Restaurant students will acquire the competencies they need to be industry leaders in the competitive hotel and restaurant business environment. In order for them to achieve success in this industry, they need to have the ability to get along with all kinds of people under all kinds of conditions. the people they must deal with in this industry, guest and employees alike, vary widely in terms of education, personal experience, intelligence, business background, nationality, and personal characteristics. To succeed in the hotel industry, they must be broadminded, tolerant, understanding, and humane. It is important to keep in mind that as a future hotelier, they will regularly be dealing with many different temperaments in various situations. Any person contemplating a career in the hotel industry should be neat, have a flair for detail, and be willing to be of service to others. This last requirement is not a catchall phrase; it embodies the ability to listen attentively, have ready smile, and maintain a reserved manner. Therefore, anyone with an uncontrollable temper or an inbred shyness must try to overcome these defects to have a successful career in the hotel industry. The early development of the concern among the HRM students should not perish in their minds to defeat the stress that they are facing. It’s obvious that first year of education faces a trouble that maybe foreign to their mind and new to their knowledge. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies, such as; the choice of college course, academic problem, students schedule and of course the environmental adjustments. But the serious case that arises in some observation is that, the focus they have in the first years of their study is not that intense. Therefore, the students must make their way to create a new passage to accelerate in their subject matter. The HRM graduates believe that this will be a broad base of management and technical skills which enable them to immediately be productive in the workplace. This study intended to state the perceived difficulties met by freshmen HRM students of LSPU and their achievements in school. Direct and indirect sources of evidence of student performance will be conducted and quantify to find out the freshmen sentiments and therefore provide the most probable solutions that will reflect effective results. Background of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the difficulties of 1st year HRM students’ and the impact of college adjustments. The difficulties face by first year student found to be the choice of college course, school curriculum, schedule, socializing with new people, as well as the environmental adjustments. Based on the previous research, it found that the major difficulties face by majority of the students is choice of college course, where in many freshmen choose HRM course because they think that it is easy and a fast way to graduate because some of the mindset of the students are just to graduate and get a job like being a waiter or bartender, without thinking that the knowledge that they learned wasn’t put into good use and disregarding their personal interest that lead them into difficulties. This was followed by the academic problems such as difficult to understand well the teacher’s lectures. However many first year students encounter difficulties in organizing their selves to do individual studies as they easily give into distractions. For example some first year students loiter around avoiding lectures and tutorials thus coming to school with different intensions. And also their time management involves doing the right thing at the right time. First year students in particular tend to misuse the time that is given. The difficulties to attend class as early as 7 in the morning. Managing time effortlessly can make the difference between a successful student and one who is defeated by stress. Other than that, students also faced health problems where they have difficulty in taking care of their health. One study identified the difficulties of the first year students and pointing out that the main cause of these problems is a big amount of stress during their life a student. A HRM student, actually in a broad sense, all of the students’ faces some series of challenges and stressors. But more likely, the HRM students are the one who are in the center of experiencing stress, especially the first year students. The stress maybe came from their friends, professors, colleagues, family or relatives, and even relationships and competition. Every day, students doesn’t only needs a brain to do a workload and be happy to grab it fast but they also founding certain emotions in dealing with the other people and not always facing the thick pages of a book. HRM students experience stress severe enough to induce mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. The source of the stress in HRM students is related in their learning experience and the programs that they enrolled into. Difficulties are a challenge to freshmen in achieving academic excellence. The continuous activities making the students accumulated the burnout behaviors which are characterized by reduction in their performance. And just like the domino effect, everything else follows. The students are destined to feel slight health failure, physical illness and emotional stress. There is also physical and psychological symptoms of stress that are present in every HRM students that suffered pressure such as irritability, inability to concentrate, insomnia, depression, muscular tension and aches, palpitations, lack of appetite and others. But actually, not all the case of a HRM student finds a negative response on the stress factor. There is the existence of the arousal that at some point increases and improves the performance. Those difficulties among first year students should be given a serious attention as a serious adjustment problem could lead to student’s failure to complete their studies. This study may increase the knowledge on how they can interact and motivate themselves and adapt to the changes that would be necessary for their growth and development. Theoretical Framework According to Stephen Pravel’s Theory of Catastrophic Misinterpretation which explain that both educational researchers and experienced teachers develop what might be called theories of difficulty. A strong theory of difficulty identifies learners characteristic trouble spots for a particular area of instruction and includes some causal analysis of why they occur toward improved teaching and learning. The literature on learning and development offers numerous ways of understanding conceptual difficulties, as well as recognizing problems of ritualized knowledge, inert knowledge, knowledge too foreign for learners to engage it readily, and tacit knowledge, the partly unconscious nature of which poses learning challenges. In a number of studies, a strong theory of difficulty has led to improved learning. In everyday teaching, teachers response to recurrent difficulties may fall short. One not uncommon reaction is to blame the learners weaknesses and simply keep teaching in the same way. Another better reaction is to teach harder’; lavishing more time and attention on characteristic difficulties without any causal analysis of what makes them problematic. Most effective is to teach smarter based on a causal analysis refined through experience. The construction of informal theories of difficulty is an important part of the craft of teaching. He also discusses motivation from the perspective of contextual factors and school socialization processes that have the potential to influence student motivation and subsequent performance. In this regard, teachers instructional practices and interpersonal relationships with students are highlighted as potentially powerful factors influencing student motivation and performance. This theory will also serve as determinant of this study. Through the use of both direct and indirect sources of evidence of student performance, results from assessment guide collective actions for, among others, curricular change, better learning opportunities for students, improvement of teaching, and more effective academic support services. That is, the result which will be posted at the end of the study and shall be well classified to determine whether or not freshmen students need to worry and confused in pursuing HRM and in the end it will help them to achieve higher education and scholastic achievements, and give them an advantage in the job market and the credibility they need to achieve their career in hospitality. Coceptual Framework The researchers presented a research paradigm of the difficulties and achievements of freshmen college students of Laguna State Polytechnic University it showed the personal profile of the freshmen college students, the profile included the age, gender, civil status and family income. Factors under the difficulties by freshmen are the choice of college course, academic problem, schedule, and environmental adjustment. While in the achievement is measured by the scholastic, extra-curricular and the exposure into hospitality industry. Research Paradigm Figure 1 Achievements in School of the respondents a. Scholastic b. Extra-Curricular c. Exposure into Hospitality Industry| Independent Variable Dependent Variable Respondents’ Profile a. Age b. Gender c. Civil status d. Family IncomePerceived Difficulties of the respondents a. Choice of College Course b. Academic Problem c. Schedule d. Environmental Adjustment| The Figure 1 shows the relationship between the independent variables the dependent variable. Statement of the Problem The objective of the study is to determine the difficulties met by first  year HRM students in Laguna State Polytechnic University and how they overcome it by achieving something in school. This study is significant to the students of Laguna State Polytechnic University SPCC, These may served as their guide for the readers and future researchers who will also have a relative topic, in order to provide them idea and knowledge in handling different problems encountered in hotel and restaurant course. And provide source of information and also to motivate them to improve their performance in order to achieve something in school. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. Age, b. Gender, c. Civil Status and d. Family Income? 2. What are the difficulties met by first year HRM students as perceived by themselves? a. Choice of College Course, b. Academic Problem, c. Schedule and d. Environmental Adjustment? 3. What are the achievements of first year HRM students? a. Scholastic, b. Extra-Curricular and c. Exposure into Hospitality Industry? 4. Do the perceived difficulties of the first year HRM students relate significantly to their achievement? Hypothesis * There is no significant relationship between the perceived difficulties of the first year student to their achievements in school. Significance of the Study The results of this study have relevance to the following: School and administration. The findings of the study can give more information to the school and administration about the students for them to be aware in understanding the difficulties faced by the students to provide good social environment that help students easily to adjust socially that can improve their academic achievements in school. Teachers. This study will provide a better understanding about difficulties and achievements of the students and to guide them how the students be at ease to its environment and exhibits the potential of the students. Respondents. This study will encourage all HRM students, especially to the first year students to face their difficulties and learn to overcome it. And this would be a great help for them to analyze their weak point in studies and how they will optimize them. Though they suffering into difficulties they can still motivate themselves to pursue their course and received scholastic achievements. Parents. The result of this study may also serve as a guide to parents on how they will guide and help their son and daughter with regards to their difficulties and achievements in school and by understanding the anxiety felt by their children. Researchers. This study may provide necessary information in order to answer their questions and can contribute to other future researchers. Future Researcher. The findings of this study can assist them as their point of reference in continuing the study of relationship of difficulties and achievements of students in school. Scope and limitation. The coverage of this study is to determine the degree of difficulties among first year HRM students and their scholastic achievements in Laguna State Polytechnic University San Pablo City Campus. The covered period for this study starts from 2011 up to 2012. Research will only be focused on the perceived difficulties met by first year HRM student and their achievement in school and not from other related topics. Definition of Terms The researchers defined the terms used in the study, operationally and functionally. Achievement. The attainment of students to overcome their fears and difficulties by aiming their goals. Academic Problem. anxiety of the students related to their academic difficulties that is hard to overcome Choice of College Course. This is the choice of the incoming college students to know or to pursue what they want in the future Difficulty. this is the anxiety faced about the students about their task or fears. Environmental Adjustment. this is how the freshmen students adopt changes in their new environment Extra- Curricular. one way on how students get a good grades and this is also way of the students how to use their skills HRM. A course where the students can enhance their skills in cooking, housekeeping, bartending, hotel operation, restaurant operation and management Master’s Degree. is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study. Perception. this is how the students interpret or see different things about the same situation Schedule. Part of the class program that the student oblique to follow it Scholastic. students that adheres to a method or subtitles of the school Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE. A review of related literature and studies about the difficulties and achievements of freshmen HRM students who came from Laguna State Polytechnic University is presented in this chapter. This chapter provides information on underlying theories, guidelines and concepts of value to this research. The researchers gathered literature and studies from different authors of book from foreign and local for better understanding of the problem. Different related literature presents different content with regards the variable that is used in the study. Related Literature According to Bobby Quitan, (2006) the interpersonal influences of others, such as parents and peers, have been involved in students’ aspirations to attend college. Students whose parents begin to encourage them to consider college early in their educational career are more likely to attend college. Quitan also stated that it have found that parental encouragement to attend college has a direct effect on college attendance. Students who have friends interested in attending college are more likely to pursue an undergraduate degree as well. Peers who plan to pursue a college degree positively reinforce college choice decisions. The college choice process refers to the factors that influence applicants when deciding which colleges to apply to and what factors to consider when deciding which of the colleges or universities they have been admitted to they wish to attend In order to gain a better understanding of this process, it was necessary to examine the stages that college applicants go through during the college selection process. The author said that there are three main stages of these models are predisposition, search and choice. The first stage of the college selection process in most models is predisposition. Quitan also refer to this stage as the college aspiration formation stage. This stage is characterized by students determining whether they would like to attend college. During this stage, certain background characteristics influence students. These influences include socioeconomic status, race, sex, ability, achievement, attitudes, and educational background of parents and peers. The socioeconomic status of a student can open doors of access to certain students or limit their ability to even consider attending college. Students with high socioeconomic status are more likely to go on to college than students with low socioeconomic status. The author also described three basic approaches that have been used to study the college selection process; social psychological studies, economic studies and sociological status attainment studies. All three approaches focus on decision-making influences. The first approach to the college selection process, social psychological studies, examines three main factors. The first factor incorporates the impact of the academic program that the student chooses, the social climate of the campus, the cost and location of the college, and the influence that other students have on the student’s college choice. The second factor is the student’s assessment of how they fit into the institution they have chosen. The third factor is the cognitive stages of college choice. The second approach includes economic studies that examine college choice. The author view college choice as an investment decision for the student. (Bobby Quitan, 2006). According to Ronan S. Estoque, Rogelyo G. Dela Cruz, Marinel Ivy P. Tan-Pichay (2006) the academic reputations of the university are factors that influence the students’ decisions to attend college. A large number of students enter their undergraduate institution undecided on an academic major. The students are attracted to institutions that can provide them with a wide variety of academic majors from which to choose. The academic reputation of an institution can also be very important to the students. They expect to acquire knowledge and skills in a particular field so they will be marketable for the jobs they want to pursue. Attending a college that has an excellent reputation for a specific academic program such as HRM or business will assist them in achieving their goal. Students also see academic reputation as leading to more job opportunities for them. Academic issues are just one group of factors that have an effect on the success of a student at a particular institution. Other factors within the institution may affect the student as well. These factors may be related to the social climate at a university and may create issues for students when selecting a college course. The author view on what generic competencies such as analytical thinking, ability and willingness to learn, self-confidence, relationship building was sought in order to compare these with the students’ views. The students should also be aware of the needs and be able to relate their abilities to those required by employers. If students do not see the need or importance, the likelihood of higher education institutions managing to convince students to instill these, will be difficult by enhancing their skills, competencies, personal attributes, enthusiasm, self-confidence, and knowledge that are needed in the work place, makes graduates more employable and likely to be successful in their chosen careers, which benefits themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy. During this time, through the guidance of the mentor and the opportunity to actually work in a work environment the students will learn how to work with people, develop communication skills and learn how to get things done Lani Florian, (2007), said that the extracurricular activities play an important role in todays secondary education programs. When one considers the large number of activities available, one realizes the diversity of the programs. Included are athletics, publications, student government, fine arts, academic clubs, service organizations, and special interest activities. There has been a considerable amount of studying the relationship between student involvement in activities and student academic achievement. Although a positive correlation has been shown in many of these studies, there is still a fierce battle among educators concerning the need for extracurricular activities. Two positions appear to be prevalent in todays academic community. These are referred to as either the academic or developmental perspective. The academic perspective considers extracurricular activities as purely leisure and not part of the purpose of schools. The developmental perspective considers extracurricular activities necessary to the total development of the student in todays schools. Even those activities that dont require loss of classroom time are perceived to take away study time. These educators support cutting or eliminating activities for budgetary reasons. Educators who believe in the developmental perspective see activities as an extension of the educational program. Activities allow students to develop skills such as leadership, sportsmanship, self-discipline, self-confidence, and the ability to handle competitive situations. Extra-curricular activities offer an opportunity to interact in ways that allow the previously mentioned skills to blossom. The developmental minded believe that many of these skills would be impossible or very difficult to develop in a classroom setting. Participation in extracurricular activities is positively associated with many student characteristics. Participation is associated with higher levels of self-esteem. Participation is associated with lower delinquencyiabsenteeism rates the academic perspective theory considers extra-curricular activities as purely leisure and not part of the purpose of schools. Those educators that profess to the academic development theory argue that work is a deterrent to academic achievement. The author said that the participation in extracurricular activity has a small but consistently positive effect on academic achievement. Ethel Magalona, M. A. , Evelyn Salting-Sadsad, Ph. D, (2008), said that the differential scholastic achievement of students has been and is still a source of concern and research interest to educators, government and parents. This is so because of the great importance that education has on the national development of the country. All over the country, there is a consensus of opinion about the fallen standard of education. Poor academic performance is a performance that is adjudged by the examinee/tested and some other significant as falling below an expected standard. A person’s educational is closely linked to their life chances, income, and well being. The interpretation of the expected or desired standard is better appreciated from the perpetual cognitive ability of the valuator of the performance. The evaluator or assessor can therefore give different interpretations depending on some factors. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding of what benefits or hinders one’s educational attainment. Raising Academic Achievement narrowed the focus to what the program evaluations had to say about one set of outcomes. The current volume narrows the focus further to academic outcomes for minority students. Yet, within this academic achievement category, the focus is deep, seeking outcomes along an optimal pathway of academic achievement we wish all young people could take. It is the hope that all young people will attend school, arrive on time, go to all classes read at grade level or above do well in the sciences, mathematics and technology persist to high school graduation be appropriately identified and served for any special needs obtain good grades have access to and do well in academically challenging courses have opportunities to apply their knowledge while in school (through work-based learning or service-learning) Follow a coherent course sequence leading to postsecondary education take standardized and college entrance exams and obtain competitive scores make thoughtful guided decisions about college attendance and financing enroll in college have no need for remedial education in college sustain academic achievement and good grades in college sustain financial aid sustain college enrollment graduate from college and successfully pursue graduate/professional school degrees or fulfilling work in their chosen career. Information was sought for each level of educational achievement along this pathway. Information was also sought in the youth development literature about youth that are not in school, but there was little data on academic achievement to be found here. There was however, a great deal of writing on the topics of minority over-representation in special education, misidentification for special education, underrepresentation in gifted and talented programs, Advanced Placement, Honors and other advanced classes, and over-representation in the juvenile justice and adult penal systems. Derect Chadee, (2011), said that the social atmosphere of a campus can affect students in various ways. The author said that the students experience difficulty adjusting to an environment that is culturally different to what they have been comfortable with at their high schools. Some students experience culture shock when attending an institution where they are in the minority and they have not been accustomed to this type of atmosphere before. The author said the importance of living environment, social support and making meaningful relationship connections have on students overall adjustment to the college environment. Institutions that provide opportunities for not only academic support, but also social and personal support increase their retention rates. The author suggested that relationships and making meaningful connections are important for students to adjust to the college environment. Students who have been able to establish bonds in their new environment adjusted better than students who were isolated and not as successful in establishing new friendships and relationships. The theory of attachment has been used to explain the importance of emotional bonds and healthy adjustment. Healthy individuals tend to have secure attachments to parents, guardians, and significant others in their lives. Individuals with secure attachments tend to have an easier time transitioning to college than individuals who do not have secure attachments. Relationships with parents may change when students go to college, which can be a difficult transition for all involved, and cause additional stress and pressure on the students as they move through the developmental process and become adults. The process of adjustment can be frustrating and overwhelming for many students, leading to emotional maladjustment and depression which may, in turn, negatively affect college performance. Powers, Clayton W. Barrows, (2006). The high levels of social support buffer individuals from stress. Attachment theory has emphasized the importance of healthy emotional bonds, and students who are able to create and maintain healthy bonds with others tend to have an easier time adjusting to  college. Social adjustment may be just as important as academic adjustment; according to Clayton (2006) the personal adjustment and integration of the social fabric of campus life play a role at least as important as academic factors in student retention. One way of assisting students in establishing connections is to help them become involved in campus life. Student social adjustment to the college environment has been linked to student involvement in the university and has appeared to be a major factor in a students overall adjustment. The transition to college is difficult for many students and students need support and encouragement to join various organizations and participate in activities to feel like they are a part of the university community. Activities serve not only as a coping mechanism, but also have assisted students in making new friends and finding their place in the university community. Thus it is only natural that the residence halls would be ideal places to have activities for freshmen and help create a sense of connection to the university. Female students face unique problems adjusting to college. For example, there are more roles and opportunities for women than ever before; however those roles may not be acceptable to their families.

Male Lung Cancer Patients Social Support and Death Anxiety

Male Lung Cancer Patients Social Support and Death Anxiety Rajput Nitu Abstract One of the major challenges faced by India is the rapid growth of lung cancer and its divesting impact upon human life. The lung cancer patients suffering from severe death anxiety and also needs a lot of social support. The present investigation has been undertaken in order to study the social support and death anxiety of lung cancer patients in relation to age. Purposive sample was used to select lung cancer patients from civil hospital in the city of Ahmadabad. The total sample size was of 90 male populations, which were divided into two groups. The first group was 60 lung cancer patients, who were divided into two age groups 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years age groups. The second group was on 30 normal subjects who were also divided two age groups 31 to 41 and 41 to 50 year’s age groups. PGI social support scale and death anxiety scale were used for data collection. The t test technique was adopted for data analysis, t was found for difference between normal subject and lung ca ncer patients. The study found that there was significant difference between lung cancer patients and normal population in social support and death anxiety. It was found that there was no significant difference between 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patient age groups. Lung cancer patients suffering from more death anxiety and they receive more social support compared than normal population. Social support and death anxiety of male lung cancer patients in relation to age. Lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in developed countries and is also rising at an alarming rate in developing countries. Despite the advances made in diagnosis and treatment in the last few decades, the prognosis of lung cancer is still very poor (Parsons, 2010).The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke (Merck Manual Professional Edition â€Å"lung carcinoma tumors of the lung, 2007). Lung cancer forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages (U.S. National Cancer Institute, 2010). Projection estimates from the WHO has shown that by the year 2030, cancer will account for 12% of deaths in India (WHO, 2010). Cancer pain is not a purely physical experience but involves complex aspects of human functioning, including personality, affect, cognition, and behavior, coping and social relations. Research on psychological factors influencing cancer pain has focused on two main areas: Psychological distre ss and pain coping. Numerous Studies have examined the relationship between cancer pain and various forms of psychological distress. Social Support Social support may be viewed as a part of the coping process in living with a chronic strain such as a chronic illness like cancer (Thoits, 1986). Consequently, the chronic strain/psychological adjustment relationships is likely to be mediated by moderator variables such as social support (Katz and Vami, 1993). Social supports are commonly defined as function performed for an individual under stress by significant others such as family members, friends, or professionals (Nelles, 1991). Rose (1990) determined the dimensions and characteristics of components of support functions in 64 non hospitalized adult cancer patients. They showed distinctiveness of primary network members by their overall preference for tangible aid from family, for modeling from friends who had cancer, and for open communications and clarifications from health professionals. Family and friends were equally preferred for dealing with affective reactions to the stressfulness of cancer. Houston and Kendall (1992) e xamined this aspect by studying patients with lung cancer. They found that patients who are encouraged to and permitted to verbalize their feelings by a friend or staff who is interested in, empathetic, and non-judgmental are better able to overcome feelings of anxiety and fear, and they progress through the stages of the illness process easily. Ell (1992) examined the relationship between social relationships and social support and survival following a first diagnosis of breast, colon, or lung cancer in 294 patients. Results suggest that the emotional support provided by the primary network members was a critical factor explaining the relationship between indicators of social relationship and mortality. Rose (1993) measures the processes and outcomes of emotional support in interactions between adult cancer patients and health providers. Emotional support processes were assesses as desired support, received support, and congruence. The older patients were found to expect intimacy a s the most important, whereas the younger patients felt that being able to ventilate their feelings was the most important. In addition, the older patients received less emotional support from providers than did middle -aged patients, but younger patients were more inclined than the other 2 groups to feel that the emotional support they received was not congruent with support they desired. Aymanns (1995) studied the interrelationships between the coping behaviors of 169 cancer patients and perceived amount and adequacy of family support, as well as the role of these factors in predicting psychosocial adjustment to cancer. Survey data suggested that cognitive strategies of coping may be more effective in mobilizing family support than behavioral strategies. Klein (1994) explored the relationship of daily hassles demand of illness, and social support to the psychosocial adjustment of people with newly diagnosed, primary lung cancer. It was found that the participants report relatively high social support, low hassles, moderately low demand of illness, and positive adjustment. Death Anxiety Patients with cancer experience the approaching of death, which increases their fear of dying and the intensity of suffering. Cancer carries the threat of death and during the stage in which they may be approaching their last days; patients can experience the approach of death with increased fear of dying and fear of increasing pain intensity. Studies have attempted to explore the components of death anxiety. Adelbratt and Strang, (2000) studied death anxiety among 20 patients with brain tumors and 15 of their next of kin. Death anxiety has been analyzed with reference to various socio-demographic factors and most frequently with age. Tsai, (2004) conducted a study in 224 patients with terminal cancers admitted to the Palliative Care Unit. The severity of death fear decreased gradually in both groups after being admitted to the hospice. However, the elderly (≠¥ 65 years of age) displayed higher levels of death fear than the younger group at two days before death. A significant n egative correlation was observed between the degree of death fear and the total good death score in both groups at two days before. The relationship between death anxiety and other personal factors were examined in some of the studies. Grumman and Spiegel, (2003) conducted a study among twelve cancer patients to determine their approach towards death anxiety. The results indicated the presence of significant death anxiety among the subjects. It was also reported that they were troubled by unresolved issues and higher anxiety and pain. The majority of the subjects expressed a desire to actively discuss their impending death and more than half of the patients reported being afraid of death and high death anxiety was associated with fear of dying in pain, high peak or usual pain, unresolved issues, and difficulty in parting with family in death. Most subjects experienced their religious faith as an important source of comfort and strength.In some of the studies, death anxiety was found to be related to affective factors such as anxiety and depression Mystakidou, (2005) reported significant correlation between death anxiety depression and anxiety among terminally ill cancer patients. On the whole, the studies suggest that death anxiety is related to age, state of illness, and other affective components such as anxiety and depression, fear of being separated from significant others indicating the possible existence of an affective network related to death anxiety. Method Sample: The sample size of this study was 90 male subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups. The fist groups was experimental groups which included 60 male lung cancer patients, and the second groups was control groups which consisted of 30 normal and physically fit male. Male lung cancer patients and normal male subjects will be sub-divided into two age groups :- (1) 31 to 40 years age groups. (2) 41 to 50 years age groups. Out which 31 to 40 years 30 male lung cancer patients and 41 to 50 years 30 male lung cancer. Research Design: The general objective of present study is to find the significant difference between social support and death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal subjects. In particular, t was found difference between social support and death anxiety of normal subject and lung cancer patients. t will also be found for difference in means between the two age groups. Research Tools: P.G.I social support questionnaire (SSQ):- social support questionnaire constructed and standardized by (Dr. Ritu Nehra, Dr. Parmanand Kulhara, and Dr. Santosh K. Verma, 1998). Thakur death anxiety scale (TDAS):- Death anxiety scale constructed and standardized by(Giridhar Prasad and Manju Thakur, 1984). Both SSQ and TDAS test provide consistent, reliable and valid scores. Research Procedure: The above mentioned two scales were administered on the selected sample of lung cancer patients and normal subjects. Some personal information was also collected with bio-data sheet prepared for the same purpose. After establishing rapport with each lung cancer patients and normal persons respectively and Social Support Scale and death anxiety scale were administered in Individual setting, scoring of eachtool was done by the scoring key of each tool. After respondent completed answered the test, it was checked whether all the items were answered completely. Scoring and interpretation was done using the standard scoring key given in test manual. In particular, t was found difference between social support and death anxiety of normal subject and lung cancer patients. t will also be found for difference in means between the two age groups. After the discussion the result were summarized and concluded according to the design of research study. Result: Table no .1 The mean of social support of lung cancer patients and normal subject’s were 49.75, 37.87 and SD 7.48, 5.10. The obtained‘t’ value is 8.86 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that lung cancer patients and normal subjects have significant difference to level of social support. The above table shows that lung cancer patients receive more social support compared than normal subjects. The mean of social support of 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients were 51.2, 48.3 and SD 7.80, 6.9. The obtained’t’ value is 1.53 no significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that 31to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients have no significant difference to level of social support. The above table shows there is a no significant difference between the mean scores of two age groups on social support. The mean of death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal subject’s were 57.92, 46.03 and SD 6.73, 10.48. The obtained‘tâ €™ value is 5.69 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that lung cancer patients and normal subjects have significant difference to level of death anxiety. The above table shows that lung cancer patients are suffer more death anxiety compared than normal subjects and there is a significant difference between the mean scores of cancer patients and normal subjects on death anxiety. The mean of death anxiety of 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients were 59.86, 55.97 and SD 6.22, 6.67. The obtained’t’ value is 2.32 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that 31to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients have significant difference to level of death anxiety. The above table shows there is significant difference between the mean scores of two age groups on death anxiety. Discussion: From the results obtained in the present study it is found that there is a significant difference between social support of lung cancer patients and normal person. The study clearly portrays that the cancer patients receive more social support more than normal persons. These people require someone to sit with them, listen to their expression of feeling and thoughts. Weismen and wortman (1975) found that emotional support was helpful when it came from family members and they also found that social support at the time of diagnosis was associated with less emotional distress and longer duration of life. Moreover, sharing cancer experiences with other group members has positive effects, as participating in the group helps to develop effective coping strategies and improves emotional adaptation (Spiegel, 1981). Till the twentieth century, most patients with cancer were cared for by their families. By the 1930, cancer began to receive wider attention from the medical research community and soon several national cancer society’s by professionals came into existence. In the US, training of social workers for assistance of patients with cancer provided the first professional discipline devoted to the care of the psychosocial issues of patients with cancer. It is also found that there is no significant difference between social support of 31 to 40 years and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients. There is significant difference between death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal parsons. Tolor(1989) see the relationship between subjective life expectancy, death anxiety and general anxiety patients with cancer experience the approaching of death , which the intensity of suffering cancer carries the threat of death and during the stage in which they may be approaching their last days. Age difference on death anxiety found that 31 to 40 year’s lung cancer patients significantly high death anxiety than 41 to 50 year’s lung cancer patients. Thorson and Powel, (1998) emphasized age difference in death Anxiety. Study conducted in elder and younger women diagnosed with breast cancer to know the effect of age difference on death anxiety found that younger women had significantly high death anxiety. The element of death anxiety was of principal concern to the younger women. On the whole, the studies suggest that death anxiety is related to age, state of illness, and other affective components such as anxiety and depression, fear of being separated from significant others indicating the possible existence of an affective network related to death anxiety. REFERENCES Adelbratt, S., Strang. (2000). Death anxiety in brain tumor patients and their spouse.Palliative Medicine.14(6), 499-507.Retrieved from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Aymans P, Filipp SH, Klauer T (1995), Family Support and Coping with Cancer:Some determinants and adaptive correlates. Special Issue: Psychology and Health,British fournalofSocial Psychology,34(1),107-124. Blanchard CG,Albrecht TL, Ruckdeschel J.C, et a1 (1995), The role of social support in adaptation to cancer and to survival. Special issue: Psychosocial Resources Available in Cancer Studies: Conceptual and Measurement Issues.10urnal of Psychosocial Oncology13(1-3):75-95. Bloom JR(1982), Social Support, Accommodation to Stress and Compas BE, Worsham NL, EyS,and Howell DC(1996),When Mom or Dad has Cancer:II. Coping, Cognitive Appraisals, and Psychological Distress in Children of Cancer Patients. Journal of Health Psychology,15(3:167–175. Gurowka KJ, and ES (1995), Supportive and Unsupportive Interactions as perceived by Cancer Patients. Social Work in Health Care, 21(4);71–88. Henrichs MH and Schmale AH (1993) Principles of Psvchosocial Oncology. In-Cancer:Principles and practice of Oncologv. ~ditedby De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg. 4h edition, Phladelphia: J.B. Lippincott. Houston SJ and Kendall JA (1992), Psychosocial Implications of Lung Cancer.Nurses Clinics ofNorth America,27(3):681–690. Katz ER and VarniJW(1993), Social Support and Social Cognitive Problem-Solving in Children with Newlv diagnosed Cancer.CANCERSupplement, 71 (10):3314–3319. Klemm PR (1994), Variables Influencing Psychosocial Adjustment in Lung Cancer: A Prelinlinary Study.Oncology Nursing Forum,21(6):1059–1062. Mor V, Allen S, and Malin M (1994), The Psvchosocial Jmpact of Cancer on Older Vs Younger Patients and their ~amiiiesC.ancer Supplement,74(7): 2118-2126. Nelles WB, McCaffrey RJ, Blanchard CG, and Ruckdeschel JC (1991), Social Supports and Breast Cancer: A Review.oztrnal of PsychosocialOncology,9(2). Rose JH (1990), Social Support and Cancer: Adult patients desire for support from family, friends and health professionals.American Iournal ofConzmunity Psychology,18(3):439–436. Thoits PA(1986),Social support as coping assistance.]ournu1 of Consulting Clinical Psychology,54;416–423. Wortman C and Conway TL(1985),The role of social support in adaptation and recovery from physical illness. In Social Support and Health (edited by C:hen S and Syme L)(281302),Orlando,FL:Academic Press

Satanism :: essays research papers

Satanism Sociology/Psychology I am hoping I can somehow make this seem like a psychological report without making it lose any of it's important details. My goal in writing this paper is to hopefully make people understand and agree that Satanism is not a "Devil Worshipping," animal mutilating, child scarifying cult organization. The psychological thing comes in when people say Satanism is wrong or evil, they hear the word Satan and automatically assume that it must be bad. They make these assumptions without even taking the time to find the facts and understand them. I'll start off by saying that Satanists do not worship the devil! A Satanist believe that he or she as an individual rule their own destiny and are the god of their own lives. Satanism is a religion based on the reality that man is an animal, like all others. They choose to separate themselves from a society where natural behavior is suppressed and the strong support the weak. The average Satanist disagrees wi th much of Christianity. In many ways Christians are considered the enimies. Christians say Satan is a fallen angel, not a God. All religions have gods and demons, some of which are forbidden by a typical society. Satan is one among these, originally conceived by the Hebrews, long before the birth of Jesus. Most Satanists are familiar with the teachings of Christianity, and have read the Bible or part of it. They simply consider the Bible to be false and disregard it much like Christians would disregard books which represent the foundation of another religion. Satanism is not considered a religion for the white race and should not be confused with or grouped together with skinheads, The KKK, Nazi's, Neo-Nazi's, or people who support white power. Satanists are not teenage vandals, not gang murderers, not psychopathic murders, not child molesters or vicious rapists. Satanists do not sacrifice young children or animals. The ninth and tenth of the Eleven Satanic Rules of The Earth forbi d this, in fact, animal sacrifices are primarily used in the Afro-Caribbean syncretistic religions such as Voodoun, Candomble', and Santeria. Child Sacrifices are used in Television and by journalists to improve ratings. A Satanist does not practice baby breeding or child molestation. Evidence does not support what is said to occur. If the number of murders said to be committed by Satanists' was accurate some bodies would have been found by now.

Changing Roles of Men and Women :: Womens Studies

Changing Roles of Men and Women Women’s lives have changed dramatically, for the last half-twentieth century as Paula England said. One significant change has been an increase of women in the labor force. In 1950 only 30 percent of women were in the labor force. By 1994, the number of women in the labor force had reached 58 percent. Most women were married with young children. Women worked in the same jobs as men did. However, they got less pay and fewer opportunities. At that time, women did more work than men in the housework, which was unequal. On the other hand, as I heard in the Morning Edition by David Molpus, today’s generation is trying to change inequity. There is a young married couple, who both have full time jobs, and children. They think 50-50 is a good idea, because it will allow men the opportunity to spend more time with their children. Also, there is another married couple who believe the same as the others. They are against day care because they think day care is not safe for children. These men share with their wives everything they experience . In my opinion, men and women should have equity for career work and inside the home. I believe if women have the same jobs men do, they should get the same pay and opportunity as men. For instance, women have the same pressure, responsibility, and accountability. According to Paula England table on p-41. The job evaluation points shows that female registered nurses have a higher point value in comparison to male chemists. So I don’t see the reason women should get less pay and equity. Men should help their wives with the housework. It is not fair to expect women to work harder than men, because they are human beings too. Men should feel the same responsibility women feel. Today is not the time women should stay at home to raise children. We are in a new generation which times has changed.

Fight Club Compared To Siddhartha :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, man has been on a quest to find his inner self. This topic has been the theme of many books and researches. This is no exception, in the 1959 book, Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse. In this particular story the main character, Siddhartha, is trying to find his ‘inner self’. He tries to accomplish this in many ways, one being self denial or destruction. This is also the case in the 1996 book, Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, in which the main theme promoted is that destruction leads to purity. These two works, written almost 40 years apart, which at first glance seem to be complete opposites, are actually spawns from the archetypal theme of man’s quest from self knowledge. Many issues in each of these stories give reason to believe that the authors had the same idea in mind. It could also be said that the author of Fight Club may have read Siddhartha. This is so because of the fact that many quotes in Fight Club relate to Hinduism, which is the religion of the heron in Siddhartha. For example, at a point in Fight Club, a character questions his safety. The reply from the character, Tyler Durden, is, â€Å"You’re as safe as a Hindu cow†, is a metaphor that since the cow is very respected in the Hindu religion and is not harmed. This may be mere coincidence, but other information gives reason to believe otherwise. Other than just saying that there is a connection with something that is said in the two books, there is also connections with the themes and styles of each book. In Siddhartha the charters often speak in ways the you may have to think about to understand the full meaning. This is also true in the case of Fight Club. At one point in Siddhartha, the character Govinda [Siddhartha’s friend] says, â€Å"He who in contemplation, with purified mind, immerses himself in Atman, Inexpressible in words is his heart’s bliss.† These quotes convey the idea of the actually enlightenment. In Fight Club, it is common to see quotes like, â€Å"You are not a beautiful and unique snow flake† which tells Tyler Durden’s followers that what they may think they are is completely false. This type of put down is a major ingredient in the stew of mayhem which leads to enlightenment. When you compare the actual meanings of Fight Club and Siddhartha, you will find that they are very much alike. Fight Club is a release for people. It helps you know yourself, know what you can do, and know your limits. In the book, it would often be used by people with

Changes and Continuity in Western Europe

During the period of 1492 to 1750, Europe experienced drastic changes during their Age of Discovery. As a result of contact and colonization, Western Europe’s economy, political, social, and military systems changed, but also maintained certain aspects that enabled them to build strong civilizations. Such changes include increased (international) trade routes, more centralized governments such as monarchies, decreased unifying influence of the Catholic Church, and increased interest in military conquest and expansion. In terms of the economy, industrialization and manufacturing drove the economy forward, catalyzing change and developments that would contribute to the economy. Advancements in metallurgy produced an increased demand for skilled blacksmiths and detailed metal work. State sponsored trading companies and colonial ventures were investments that had a lasting influence. The ventures were mainly directed at the Americas, which were rich sources of gold, silver, sugar, and other desired goods. This new international trade opened infinite possibilities for the economy to grow and expand. These ventures also brought American crops back to Europe, such as potatoes, which increased specialized agriculture. However, through these increased changes within the economic system, many aspects remained behind. Most notably was in agriculture, where farmers continued relying on the methods and techniques of the Middle Ages, such as the three-field system. Although there were innovations during the 18th century, they were not enough to noticeably improve the productivity, and many old crops were grown along with new crops, which resulted in a lower production of the old crops. Politically, important changes, mainly the Glorious Revolution, impacted Europe in such a way that there is a lasting impression to this day. The decline in feudal balance resulted in more centralized government states, therefore leading to absolute and parliamentary monarchies. When France, England, and the Netherlands gained power through international trade, Spain lost its dominance while slowly falling behind the new major powers of Western Europe. Parts of the European political systems that remained untouched included the feudal political forms that remained strong, even with introduction of monarchies. Since European states thirsted for expansion of their states, military remained a top priority in funding; therefore, the strong feudal forms remained, although with shifted balance. Furthermore, ordinary people were not highly affected by the political changes, because politics did not concern them; all they had to worry about was paying their taxes as usual, and the general economic life was not altered. In terms of the social system and structure, a main change that altered the social structure was commercialization, which created a new social class, the proletariats, who suffered from poverty. Other notable social changes include the emergence of a European-style family, which emphasized the nuclear family structure, and intensified links between family and individual property, and the decline of influence of the Catholic Church, which cause a separation of peoples’ religious and daily lives. However, women maintained their low statuses as inferiors to men, and have fewer alternatives when Protestants abolished convents. In addition, although the Catholic Church lost its influence, the elite remained powerful and limited cultural movements, mirroring that of the Dark Ages but to a lesser extent because of the Enlightenment. Militarily, the main advancements were evident in the navy, and skills in building stronger, bigger ships capable of sailing the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The increased interest in military conquest supported state-sponsored expeditions and ventures. France formed a professional military, and Italy became more militarized, with majority of Western European states improving their navies. Similar to their ancestors, the European states used their dominating armies and navies to expand their boundaries and conquer neighbouring lands. The coastal states gained more territory as a result of having superior naval forces, notably Britain. Throughout the period of 15th to 18th centuries, the changes that occurred, heavily influenced the development of the states into independent, dominating forces with Western Europeans gaining their own unique identity. Although there were more changes than continuities, the aspects that did last through this period aided in the development of others, such as how the feudal political forms aided the emerging monarchies in becoming stronger, lasting till modern day. Europe’s Age of Discovery was a time for drastic and rapid changes, changes for the best, and not necessarily for the worst. Guns, Germs, and Steel. Dir. Jerad Diamond. National Geographic, 2005. DVD. Hoffman, Philip T. â€Å"Prices, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe's Comparative Advantage in Violence. † Economic History Review, Feb2011 Supplement. Vol. 64. 2011. 39. Print. â€Å"Outline. † World Civilizations, AP Edition. Pearson Education, 2010. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"Transformation of the West. † World Civilizations. Pearson Education, 2010. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .

Indian Marketing Environment

Indian Marketing Environment Indian Marketing Environment For Global marketers India is not just a single country, it is further divided into tow different countries. India and Bharat. India is looked and appreciated by the whole world. It is growing at the second fastest rate, Its a outsourcing hub, skilled workforce, Nuclear and space power and everything to become a world power. On the other hand, Bharat invovles poverty, Illetracy at high levels, Corruption, Mismanagement, Violnce between releigions and like that. So in this way whosoever desires to enter in the indian market must realize both the faces of this country.They should realize the serious challenges of doing business here like segmenting the market properly, Understanding country's social and cultural issues, getting through government beaurocracy and understading economic and political situation. There have been bunch of examples of companies who have tried to enter in Indian markets without taking care of these issu es and have failed badly. Now before understanding Indian Marketing Environment, it is important to understand what is Marketing Environment. Marekting Environment consist of factors and forces outside or inside the organzation that affect its business in the market.The marketing environment is divided into tow different environments. 1) Micro Environment: It consist of factors lose to the company that have a direct impact on the organization strategy. This includes company's suppliers, distributors, customers and competitors. 2) Macro Environment: It consists of larger societal forces. And these are beyond the control of the organization. These shape the characteristics of the opportunities and threats facing a company. For example, Economic, Cultural, Political, Demographic and Technological. Demographics EnvironmentIt is the study of the peoplein terms of their age, gender, race, ethnicity, and location. Demographic characteristics strongly affect buying behaviour. The current po pulation of India is 1. 18 billion and it is the seond most populous country in the world next to China. And it is being projected that by 2010, it will overtake china with 1. 53 billion. Obviously that's not a good news but for marketers there lies lots of opportunities. Fast growth of population accompanied with rising income means expanidng markets. And among this 1. 18 billion population, more than 50% are below 25 years of age. and hat is the reason why why tere is tough ompetition in the area of soft drinks, networking sites, stylish mobile handsets, job portals and all. Estimated in 2008, around 71% population lives in rural areas even after so much migration to urban cities and that is the reason why low cost brands have started targeting rural cummunityites. They put Camps, Haat in melas to promote their products. Literacy rate, as estimated in 2009, for men it was 76. 9% and for women it was 54. 5%, thoug there is still wide gender disparity, but it has been observed that growth in women literacy rate is more than men's.So women is another big target for marketers. Specially for home based products, as we know women is the chief person to select them for her home. Now, In India diffrent behaviour of diffrent age group has been observed which is mentioned below. Adolescents: The new-age teens are marketers delight. They do no earn but they are fond of spending. They spend lavishly on clothes, eating out, latest gadgets and are very keen t keep up with their friends in terms of possessions and lifestyles. They do not feel guilty of spending their parents money and put pressure on their parents to shell out money for them.They feel they need to have a life of their own, and it should not be denied to them just because they are not earning. Youth: The current youngsters are growing in a more media-influenced, brand conscious world thn their parents. Companies have to take their messages to the places where these youngsters frequent, whether on the intern et, in a cricket stadium, or television. They do not mind information reaching them but they will reserve their right to make their choices. They know what they want from their lives and the product or servies they buy.They hate to be persuaded and influenced. therefore companies would do well to leave them alone to make thier choices. They create their own website, make movie with their own webcam, post their thoughts, pictures and writing online. Since they are sure about what they want, they prefer customized products and services. Companies are realizing that they have to provide something unique and deeply personal to in thier loyalty. People between 35 to 45: People in this age group are settled in their professions and have toddlers and growing children in thier home.The exert themselves in their profession because they realize that their career is likely to take off at this stage. They put in long hours at office and they have to juggle endlessly between their responsibiliti es as spouses and parents and growing responsibilities at work. Parents may be staying with them or they may be living in different city. Income of the people rises at a good rate and they are good spenders. Some of them may be buying their nfirst car while most of them thinking of upgrading their cars. They are also open to new gadgets for themselves and for households.People in this age group want to live a good life and are constantly on a buying spree to improve their lifestyles. They dress well, dine out frequently, and look for opportunities to go on holidays. These days they are also keen to buy new houses very early in thier lives. They also plan to retire early, and they plan thier finances accrodingly. People Between 45 to 60: Some people in this age group are at the peak of their careers while some others are struggling to keep thier jobs. Children beome major priority for people in this age group.They spend less as they save resources to fund the higher education of thei r children. They are also worried about their own future and make a last-ditch efforts to put a retirement plan in place. People above 60: People in this age group live on a steady income. Some of them live with thier grown-up children and are part of their household. They do not spend much on themselves. Their family looks after their requirements. Most of their money spent on buying gifts for their children and grand children. They have to spend a substantial part of their earnings on health-related issues and domestic help.Political Environment The political-Legal environment of a country is influenced by political structures and organizations, political stability, government's interventions, constitutional provisions, government's attitude, foreign policy. Businesses feel helpless in countries where contracts cannot be enforced by the judiciary of the land or it takes excessive timein the judicial proceedings. Governments will need to provide an environment in which businesses c an flourish. In turn, government needs businesses because the marketplace generates taxes. In this way government and businesses need each other.Also every aspect of marketing mix is subject to laws and restrictions. As in any part of the world, political influence is highly essential to start a business in India. Especially if you are planning to start a multi billion business, some sort of political patronage is an absolute necessity. Not only for safeguarding the interest of the company but even to begin the process of getting the required sanctions, one requires hold in the high echelons of politics and administrative circles. Indian society is highly plural. It is the biggest democracy in the world with multi party political system.During the last couple of decades, India has opened its market to world. It has absolutely become an open global market. Banking sector, Insurance sector and all fields of industrial and business are now open for multi national investment. Of course there are many obstructions to cross. And mostly all issues can overcome and establish business if you have the political patronage. India has a plural political system. With numerous political parties, national level and state level, it is very difficult to get a consensus among all parties for starting any business.Also these political parties have patronage of many factors, caste, creed and ideologies. There are political parties with left centric communist ideologies; they are totally against direct foreign investments. But other parties, who are main ruling coalition partners, have right centric ideologies and open for foreign investments. In most of the states, mostly local political parties are ruling. Political parties require financial patronage from big business establishments. Many constituent states have realized the need for foreign investments in their state for a growth oriented economic situation.Hence the climate has changed a lot in India. So many privileges are of fered to entrepreneurs to start business. With all these facilities, still political patronage is a must to start a business in India. Even after establishing the business, for a proper running of the business, political help is essential. It is mainly to sort out issues related to local taxes, labor problems and many such issues affecting the normal working of the companies. Some exapmles in which the government interfere has changed the way people did business †¢ India food items need to put Green dot for all vegetarian items and a Red dot for all non-vegetarian items. All the packaged products need to have MRP(Maximum Retail price) on their package. †¢ Auto industries had to introduce expensive emission control in thier car-Euro II compliance †¢ Public transport in delhi like autorickshaws and buses have to use only CNG in place of Petrol or Diesel. †¢ Introduction of VAT in Delhi †¢ RBI various guidelines to credit cards companies †¢ Introduction of 3G technology †¢ And very recently, India has asked RIM (Research in Motion), maker of Blackberry, to install its server in India for tracking its messenger & enterprise mail services. nd if they don't do so, there services will be banned, which will affect their business in India. Social-Cultural Factors Social factors influence the products people buy, the prices they are willing to pay, the effectivness of speific promotions and how, when and where people purchase products. They change gradually and some changes will be imperceptible if not watched closely. That is the reason why it is most difficult variable for marketing managers to forecast, influence and integrate into marketing plans.One thing India faces no competition is its varied culture and heritage. It has great diversity in cultural practices, languages, customs and traditions. In india people before starting a new business consult astrologers. Supersition are a part of life like they avoid eating non-vegetarian on Tuesdays due to some releigious reasons. People here consider cows a holy animal and it is worshipped and this is the reason behind failure of KFC in India in 1997 when they inroduced Beef items in their Menu. Values: A value is a strongly held and enduring belief.In India a person's values are key determinants of what is important and not important to him, how he reacts in a particular situation and how he behaves in a social situations. Today educated Indian consumer do not tolerate ineffective products and sloppy behaviour of marketers. He has become more inquisitive, discriminating and demanding. Comapnies should learn to expect tough customers. Time Starved Customers: Today many customers place value of non-material accomplishments, such as having control over their lives, and being able to take a day off when they want.As work life gets longer andstressful, people are spending their leisure time recuperating. Casual Frdiays and Home offices are further blurring the boundar ies between work and leisure. People will increasinly place more value on time than money. Multiple Lifestyles: Today People lead multiple lifestyles. They choose products and services that meet diverse needs and interests rather than conform to traditional streotypes. A person can be a teacher and also a a gourmet, fitness enthusiast and so many other things. Each of these lifestyles is associated with different products and services and is a otential customer for companies. This has increased the complexities of consumer's buying habits. A person may go on holidays to exotic holiday locations and may spend a fortune to travel, but may dine in very ordinary restaurants. Changing structures of Families: The growth in the number of working women means an increase in dual-income families. These families have greter household income but less time for family activities. More working women has meant an inreasing demand for time-savng devices and products, particularly for th kitchen.It i s being discovered that cost is more prominent in deisions made by women, whereas quality is relativly more important to men. This will have important influence when comapnies design marketing mixes for products where the women is prime decision maker. Some examples hwo this factor has affected the market: †¢ Hindustan Unilever limited markets different blends of tea under the same brand name to address the regional preferences of consumers. †¢ Gits India specialized in supplying gourmet mixes to housewives, knows the taste well of North & South India. MTV facebook, CNN, Discovery has completly changed the values of Indian consumers. †¢ Automobiles & Insurance companies potrays themselves as a family product in their advertisements. Natural Environment Natural environment includes factors such as seasonal variations, climatic differences, soil conditions and natural terrain. In consumer markets, the natural environment affects companies because of the differences in t he nature of products bought by consumers due to variations in seasons and climate. In difficult terrains like hilly areas, it is difficult and expensive to get products to the customers..It becomes more expensive to build distribution channels for companies whose target markets are geographically disperse. There are so many environmental issues in India for example Extinction of Tigers, Pollution in urban cities, Water shortages, Deforestation etc. So a company raising even a single issue could do well here. How can we forget to mention Idea's initiative to save paper by usine mobile phones. Its outstanding advertisements & promotional campaigns has really catched our attention. Government also doing thier best to save our environment like PUC(Pollution under control) is must for all the ehicles, soap industry must have to increase its biodegrability, strict laws against killing tigers, encouraging use of solar energy in big government head offices. Technological Environment Techno logy is practically everywhere today-it has changed the way we prepare food, we buy our clothes, and we build our homes. It has changed the way we send our posts, we take our exams, we fill up our forms and the way we resort to comfort and entertainment. Computers, the most visible impact of technology have come a long way from being huge machines locked up in a room to tiny palmtops with more features added everyday.It has all the functions of a calculator, a music player, a home theatre, a video camera and practically a better tool than a pen and a sheet of paper. With more features and functions, computers have led to loss of jobs for millions. In this context, we can look at the impact of technology, especially computers, in the Indian context. Cloud computing, Voice over internet, online social involvement, 3G technology, E-banking are some of the remarkable technological improvements that has changed the lifestyles of Indian consumers. Today companies offering outdated or obso lete technology couldn't survive.People are demanding up-to-date gadgets and gizmos. And this is something learned very well by Nokia in India, which introduces new and innovative handsets every month. In case of banking transactions, Earleir people used to go to banks for each transactions. Then they start doing it over the internet at home or offices and today they are demanding banking on the move i. e. on thier mobile phones. Also IT sector has made india one the biggest outsourcing hub in the world. So basically if a company wants to survive and stay ahead in India market, it needs to keep developing new products through its R.Econmic Environment The economic environment can have a major impact on businesses by affecting patters of Demand and Supply. Companies need to monitor these indicators to survive in the market. Income of Indian consumer has increased and now they are more and more high standard of living products. That is the reason why Harley Davidson, Porshe has set up thier showrooms here. After inflation next issue is Infation which is rising at constant speed increase in prices of fuel, Food items has really impacted producers here.